Аннотация
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of regenerative medicineRegenerative medicine from cell-based therapies to cell-free therapeutic strategies. It introduces the fundamental classification of stem cellsStem cells and explains the emergence of mesenchymal stromal/stem cellsMesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) (MSCs) as a dominant platform due to their immunomodulatory and paracrine properties. The chapter further explores the role of extracellular vesiclesExtracellular vesicles (EVs) (EVs) as key mediators of MSC therapeutic effects and discusses the transition from experimental research to clinical translation. Key challenges, regulatory developments, and future directions in MSC- and EV-based therapies are also highlighted.