Аннотация
Background: The Aral Sea environmental disaster represents one of the most severe anthropogenic ecological crises, with long-term consequences for human health in Kazakhstan. While respiratory, hematological, and metabolic effects have been extensively reported, the influence of chronic environmental exposure on physical activity and exercise capacity remains underexplored. Objective: This review synthesizes recent evidence (2015–2025) on the effects of Aral Sea-related environmental degradation on physical fitness, exercise capacity, and habitual physical activity levels among affected populations in Kazakhstan. Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed studies and population-based surveys was conducted, focusing on physical activity-related outcomes. Eligible studies assessed physiological fitness parameters (aerobic capacity, muscular strength, and hematological indicators) and/or physical activity behavior using validated instruments. Results: Available evidence indicates that chronic exposure to environmental pollutants in the Aral Sea region is associated with reduced aerobic capacity, diminished muscular endurance, anemia, endocrine disruption, and impaired respiratory function, particularly among youth and young adults. Population-based surveys reveal a high prevalence of physical inactivity, with nearly one-quarter of adults failing to meet the World Health Organization physical activity recommendations. Marked disparities are observed across age and sex, with women and older adults demonstrating the lowest activity levels. The environmental factors such as dust storms, extreme climate conditions, and limited infrastructure further constrain safe engagement in physical activity. Conclusion: The Aral Sea disaster has exerted a sustained negative impact on both physical capacity and physical activity behavior in affected communities. Integrated public health strategies combining environmental mitigation, clinical management, and context-specific physical activity promotion are urgently needed to reduce long-term health risks.