Аннотация
Background Addressing urban–rural inequalities is essential for universal health coverage. This study examined disparities in access to genitourinary (GU) care in Kazakhstan. Methods A cross-sectional mixed-methods study was conducted in urban and rural areas of Almaty region (2024–2025). Quantitative data ( n = 721) were analyzed using chi-square tests and logistic regression. Qualitative interviews with urologists ( n = 11) were thematically analyzed. Results Sex distribution was similar. Urban residents had higher education, while rural residents reported better financial status. Most sought initial care at PHC, though self-treatment was common. Rural residents relied more on PHC and had longer waiting times; urban residents more often used private services. Workforce shortages and limited diagnostic capacity were key barriers, especially in rural areas. Conclusion Urban–rural disparities in GU care hinder progress toward universal health coverage in Kazakhstan. Strengthening rural workforce and diagnostics is needed.