Аннотация
We review the design, theory, and applications of two dimensional periodic lattices hosting conical intersections in their energy-momentum spectrum. The best known example is the Dirac cone, where propagation is governed by an effective Dirac equation, with electron spin replaced by a ‘fermionic’ half-integer pseudospin. However, in many systems such as metamaterials, modal symmetries result in the formation of higher order conical intersections with integer or ‘bosonic’ pseudospin. The ability to engineer lattices with these qualitatively different singular dispersion relations opens up many applications, including superior slab lasers, generation of orbital angular momentum, zero-index metamaterials, and quantum simulation of exotic phases of relativistic matter.