Аннотация
The article critically examines the multifaceted problem of illicit archaeological excavations in Kazakhstan. The analysis delves into the nexus of local “treasure hunters” and organized criminal syndicates, including transnational networks, which exploit Kazakhstan's rich archaeological resources for illicit gain. The article meticulously scrutinizes the existing legal framework of the Republic of Kazakhstan, with a particular focus on the bifurcated system of criminal prosecution under Articles 295 and 193 of the Criminal Code. A comprehensive socio-technological profile of contemporary looters is delineated, categorizing them into three primary groups: organized criminal networks, amateur enthusiasts, and “guest diggers”. The latter category is driven by a “displacement effect” precipitated by increasingly stringent legislation in neighboring jurisdictions. The article underscores the pivotal role of digital platforms and social media in facilitating the coordination, dissemination, and commercialization of illicitly acquired artifacts. An exhaustive review of key international legal instruments, including the 1970 UNESCO Convention and the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention, is conducted. The significance of these treaties for Kazakhstan's legal and cultural protection regime is critically assessed. In response to the escalating threat, a proactive protection strategy is proposed, integrating advanced technologies such as satellite monitoring and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The strategy emphasizes the importance of robust public engagement through educational initiatives and the judicious application of international tools, including the ICOM Red Lists and Interpol's databases, to dismantle the global illicit antiquities trade.