Аннотация
Researchers in the field of text theory hold diverse perspectives, and the absence of a unified definition of the term ―text‖ in modern linguistics highlights its ongoing relevance and complexity. Some linguists view text primarily as a communicative act – a unit of speech – while others emphasize its semantic and structural unity, treating it as a linguistic unit. This article examines and compares various interpretations and definitions of ―text‖ offered by both foreign and Kazakhstani scholars. Based on this comparative analysis, a set of core characteristics of text is synthesized and presented. Drawing on academic viewpoints concerning both written and spoken forms of text, the study includes an experimental component involving 10th-grade students. The aim was to explore how learners comprehend, analyze, and engage with different text types. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to assess students‘ abilities to understand and interpret oral and written texts. Findings revealed a noticeable gap between students‘ skills in handling written and spoken texts. Most participants reported greater ease in expressing their thoughts in written form, while a smaller group demonstrated confidence and clarity in both written and oral communication. Based on these results, the article offers recommendations for enhancing students' text analysis and production skills in educational settings.