Аннотация
Language plays a crucial role in intercultural communication, especially when it comes to nationally marked vocabulary and phraseology. These linguistic elements often contain meanings that are difficult to fully translate, yet they provide valuable insights into a nation’s cultural and historical background. Like a mirror, they reflect the history, settlement, and development of a people, making them an essential area of study not only for linguists but also for historians, ethnographers, and geographers. Idioms, as a fundamental part of any language, also serve as a rich repository of cultural heritage, encapsulating centuries of traditions and ways of life. Their study helps deepen our understanding of both language and culture. The concept of "realities"—words that convey tangible and culturally specific elements—emerged in linguistic discussions around the 1950s. These terms capture unique aspects of a nation’s material culture, historical events, governmental institutions, folklore figures, and mythological beings. Similarly, non-equivalent words refer to concepts that do not exist in other languages and therefore lack direct translations. These words highlight the uniqueness of each culture’s worldview and emphasize the importance of studying language as a bridge to understanding different societies and their distinct identities.