Аңдатпа
Cities have become a relevant object of study for human impact on nature due to the fast development of urbanization and anthropogenic global climate change. In this regard, we will analyze the impact of urbanization processes in the city of Astana on climate change using Geographic Information System (GIS) in this review article. This paper seeks to detect the effects of urbanization, spatial arrangement and land-use changes on local microclimate and to find a structural similarity. This paper discusses relevant experiences in China, USA, Germany and South Korea on the influence of urbanization on air temperature, heat balance, relative humidity and surface albedo in the microclimate. Active and passive remote sensing, meteorology and computer modeling are actively used, including the usage of GIS technologies to integrate various environmental data sources and analyze the spatial heterogeneity of key climate parameters (e.g. surface temperature). Satellite image analysis (Landsat, MODIS) and local meteorological data show that the urban heat island in the city of Astana is quite intense, due to a very high building density, a large area of artificial surfaces, and a small area of vegetation and water bodies. The results of the study show that spatial analysis can assist in defining the most critical places in need of thermal stress mitigation and potential places for ecological restoration, as well as helping urban planning by defining and implementing strategies to reduce the effects of urbanization on the city microclimate. Ultimately, this research contributes to the broader understanding of urban climate management and offers practical insights for the adaptation of rapidly developing cities to ongoing climate challenges.