Аңдатпа
This study comparatively evaluated the antimicrobial activity, interfacial properties, and selected seed-treatment characteristics of polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate (PHMG-P), copper sulfate (CuSO 4 ), and their combined formulation against tomato-associated microbial contaminants. Antibacterial activity against Pectobacterium was evaluated by an agar-well diffusion method, while antifungal activity against Alternaria and Fusarium was assessed using a disk-diffusion assay. The antimicrobial response depended on both formulation and target microorganism. PHMG-P showed the strongest activity against Alternaria, whereas CuSO 4 showed the strongest individual activity against Pectobacterium. The combined PHMG-P/CuSO 4 formulation exhibited measurable inhibition against both Pectobacterium and Alternaria, with inhibition zones of up to 1.3 cm, but no measurable inhibition against Fusarium under the tested conditions. Seed-treatment experiments further showed suppression of detectable seed-associated fungal and bacterial microflora. In a complementary germination experiment, the 0.5% + 0.5% and 1.0% + 1.0% PHMG-P/CuSO 4 formulations produced germination percentages of 90% and 86%, respectively, compared with 74% for the water-treated control. Surface-tension measurements showed increased interfacial activity with increasing formulation concentration, with the combined formulation exhibiting lower surface tension than the individual components. Contact-angle measurements on a hydrophobic Teflon model surface demonstrated concentration-dependent changes in wetting behavior. Soil-extract measurements showed pH values of 7.00–7.72, electrical conductivity of 0.908–1.11 mS cm −1 , and dry-residue values of 61.4–76.8 mg L −1 across the investigated treatments. Overall, the results indicate that the PHMG-P/CuSO 4 formulation has promising antimicrobial and interfacial properties under laboratory conditions and merits further investigation as a potential seed-treatment formulation for tomato-associated microbial control.