Аңдатпа
Thyroid diseases arise from both internal and external factors. Changing environmental and radiation conditions are increasing their prevalence and altering thyroid disease patterns. This review highlights current insights into how environmental influences affect thyroid structure and function, outlining recent discoveries, mechanisms, and areas needing further research. The purpose of the study. To review scientific literature that investigates the effects of adverse industrial environmental factors on thyroid gland function. Materials and Methods. A search for relevant studies was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, using specific terms and keywords. Only original observational studies examining the impact of harmful environmental factors on the development of thyroid pathology were included. Results. High levels of heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, As) are linked to increased thyroid cancer risk. In oil and gas regions, children exhibit elevated levels of manganese, boron, vanadium, and silicon in their hair, which can interfere with iodine uptake and lead to iodine deficiency. Cadmium lowers thyroid-stimulating hormone, contributing to hyperthyroidism. Radiation-exposed areas (e.g., Chernobyl, Semipalatinsk) show more nodules and autoimmune thyroiditis. Fine particles (PM2.5, PM10) increase the risk of thyroid cancer, and prenatal air pollution affects newborn T4 levels. Organic and inorganic pollutants disrupt thyroid hormone production and promote cancer. Conclusion. Environmental contaminants, including heavy metals, radiation exposure, industrial residues and pollutants, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals, play a significant role in the occurrence and progression of thyroid disorders. The rise in chronic diseases, including thyroid pathologies, serves as a marker of environmental pollution. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms by which environmental factors affect thyroid function. It is essential to develop prevention and monitoring strategies, particularly in environmentally unfavorable regions.